No general formula will work for all developer/film combinations. I use the zone system. With D-23 1:1 and HP-5+, a one-stop pull (N-1) is 86% of normal, a two stop pull (N-2) is 68% of normal. A one-stop push (N+1) is 145% of normal. And a two-stop push (N+2) is 200% of normal. I arrived at these numbers by testing. They may not work for any other combination.(posted 8944 days ago)