I give thanks to the people who gave the U.S. colonists the first Thanksgiving feast and a hope of surviving the winter.

Not saints but overall pretty good folk to homsteading 'greenhorns'. Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, California Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Oklahoma Alturas Indian Rancheria, California Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana Augustine Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Augustine Reservation, California

Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin Bay Mills Indian Community of the Sault Ste. Marie Band of Chippewa Indians, Bay Mills Reservation, Michigan Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, California Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California Big Lagoon Rancheria, California Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation, California Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California Big Valley Rancheria of Pomo Pit River Indians of California Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana Blue Lake Rancheria, California Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon

Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation, California Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria, California Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation, California Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria, California Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Campo Indian Reservation, California Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California: Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Barona Reservation, California Viejas (Baron Long) Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Viejas Reservation, California Catawba Indian Nation (aka Catawba Tribe of South Carolina) Cayuga Nation of New York Cedarville Rancheria, California Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation, California Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, California Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation, South Dakota Chickasaw Nation, Oklahoma Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Cocopah Tribe of Arizona Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation, Idaho Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation, Arizona and California Comanche Indian Tribe, Oklahoma Confederated Salish Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, Montana Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Washington Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Washington Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Oregon Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation, Nevada and Utah Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Oregon Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation, Oregon Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation, Washington Coquille Tribe of Oregon Cortina Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians of Oregon Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California Crow Tribe of Montana Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Cuyapaipe Reservation, California

Death Valley Timbi-Sha Shoshone Band of California Delaware Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma Dry Creek Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation, Nevada

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians of the Sulphur Bank Rancheria, California Elk Valley Rancheria, California Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California

Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation, California Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Nevada and Oregon Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Community of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation, Arizona Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California Nevada Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa Chippewa Indians of Michigan Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians of California Guidiville Rancheria of California

Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomie Indians of Michigan Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation, Arizona Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (formerly known as the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe) Hoh Indian Tribe of the Hoh Indian Reservation, Washington Hoopa Valley Tribe, California Hopi Tribe of Arizona Hopland Band of Pomo Indians of the Hopland Rancheria, California Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation, Arizona Huron Potawatomi, Inc., Michigan

Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation, California Ione Band of Miwok Indians of California Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma

Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington Jamul Indian Village of California Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, Louisiana Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, New Mexico

Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel Reservation, Washington Karuk Tribe of California Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria, California Kaw Nation, Oklahoma Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservation, Michigan Kialegee Tribal Town, Oklahoma Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma Klamath Indian Tribe of Oregon Kootenai Tribe of Idaho

La Jolla Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the La Jolla Reservation, California La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation, California Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation of Wisconsin Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony, Nevada Little River Band of Ottawa Indians of Michigan Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians of Michigan Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation, California Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Nevada Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation, South Dakota Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation, Washington Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation in Minnesota Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation, Washington Lytton Rancheria of California

Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah Indian Reservation, Washington Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria, California Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation, California Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria, California Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation, California Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico Miami Tribe of Oklahoma Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota (Six component reservations: Bois Forte Band (Nett Lake); Fond du Lac Band; Grand Portage Band; Leech Lake Band; Mille Lacs Band; White Earth Band) Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Mississippi Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation, Nevada Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation, California Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation, Washington Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island Navajo Nation of Arizona, New Mexico Utah Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, Washington Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation of Utah (Washakie)

Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota Omaha Tribe of Nebraska Oneida Nation of New York Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin Onondaga Nation of New York Osage Tribe, Oklahoma Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, Oklahomaa

Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony, California Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Nevada Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community of the Lone Pine Reservation, California Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation, California Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pauma Yuima Reservation, California Pawnee Indian Tribe of Oklahoma Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pechanga Reservation, California Penobscot Tribe of Maine Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California Pinoleville Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Pit River Tribe, California (includes Big Bend, Lookout, Montgomery Creek Roaring Creek Rancherias XL Ranch) Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians of Michigan Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Ponca Tribe of Nebraska Port Gamble Indian Community of the Port Gamble Reservation, Washington Potter Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, Kansas Prairie Island Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Prairie Island Reservation, Minnesota Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico Pueblo of Cochiti, New Mexico Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico Pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico Pueblo of Nambe, New Mexico Pueblo of Picuris, New Mexico Pueblo of Pojoaque, New Mexico Pueblo of San Felipe, New Mexico Pueblo of San Juan, New Mexico Pueblo of San Ildefonso, New Mexico Pueblo of Sandia, New Mexico Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico Pueblo of Santo Domingo, New Mexico Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico Pueblo of Zia, New Mexico Puyallup Tribe of the Puyallup Reservation, Washington Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation, Nevada

Quapaw Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California Arizona Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation, Washington Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation, Washington

Ramona Band or Village of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota Redding Rancheria, California Redwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Nevada Resighini Rancheria, California (formerly known as the Coast Indian Community of Yurok Indians of the Resighini Rancheria) Rincon Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Rincon Reservation, California Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation, California (formerly known as the Covelo Indian Community) Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California

Sac Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa Sac Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska Sac Fox Nation, Oklahoma Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan, Isabella Reservation Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona Samish Indian Tribe, Washington San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona San Manual Band of Serrano Mission Indians of the San Manual Reservation, California San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria, California Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Santa Rosa Reservation, California Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation, California Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation, California Santee Sioux Tribe of the Santee Reservation of Nebraska Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California Seminole Nation of Oklahoma Seminole Tribe of Florida, Dania, Big Cypress, Brighton, Hollywood Tampa Reservations Seneca Nation of New York Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota (Prior Lake) Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota Skokomish Indian Tribe of the Skokomish Reservation, Washington Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah Smith River Rancheria, California Soboba Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Soboba Reservation, California Sokaogon Chippewa Community of the Mole Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Wisconsin Southern Ute Indian Tribe of the Southern Ute Reservation, Colorado Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota (formerly known as the Devils Lake Sioux Tribe) Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation, Washington Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation, Washington St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, St. Croix Reservation St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North South Dakota Stockbridge-Munsee Community of Mohican Indians of Wisconsin Stillaguamish Tribe of Washington Summit Lake Paiute Tribe of Nevada Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Washington Susanville Indian Rancheria, California Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation, Washington Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California

Table Bluff Reservation - Wiyot Tribe, California Table Mountain Rancheria of California Te-Moak Tribes of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada (Four constituent bands: Battle Mountain Band; Elko Band; South Fork Band and Wells Band) Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Oklahoma Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona Torres-Martinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation, California Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation, Washington Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria of California Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota Tuscarora Nation of New York Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of California

United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians of Oklahoma Upper Lake Band of Pomo Indians of Upper Lake Rancheria of California Upper Sioux Indian Community of the Upper Sioux Reservation, Minnesota Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah Ouray Reservation, Utah Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, Colorado, New Mexico Utah Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California

Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts Washoe Tribe of Nevada California (Carson Colony, Dresslerville Colony, Woodfords Community, Stewart Community, Washoe Ranches) White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco Tawakonie), Oklahoma Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma

Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation, Arizona Yavapai-Prescott Tribe of the Yavapai Reservation, Arizona Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony Campbell Ranch, Nevada Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas Yurok Tribe of the Yurok Reservation, California Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico

-- bj pepper in C. MS. (pepper.pepper@excite.com), November 22, 2001

Answers

As a person who is of American Indian linage...(I'm actually related to Pocahontas)...it saddens me to even think of them this time of year. They did so much for the early settlers and what was their reward?.....getting murdered, having their land stolen and eventual extermination.

You can't change history, buy you can learn from it.

-- Jason in S. Tenn. (AJAMA5@netscape.net), November 22, 2001.

Imagine that !! I am a direct descendent of Captain John Smith. Small World. I however had nothing to do with Darwin's Survival of the Fittest.

-- Glenn (gj_usa1@yahoo.com), November 22, 2001.

you said..... "Imagine that !! I am a direct descendent of Captain John Smith. Small World. I however had nothing to do with Darwin's Survival of the Fittest."

what could darwin's theory have had to do with what happen to the native americans????? small pox infected blankets and poisoned food has notta to do with darwin.....please!

-- paul a coleman (wormfarmerone@yahoo.com), November 22, 2001.

bj, as a member of the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, I accept your Thanks and thoughtfulness. Happy Thanksgiving to you also! You can Feast with us anytime.

-- Jean in No. WI (jat@ncis.net), November 22, 2001.

nice post bj........all the tribes and nations. Amazing!!!

-- diane (gardiacaprines@yahoo.com), November 22, 2001.

It's funny how some distance themselves from nature. Mankind didn't get planted here from outerspace. He is part of nature. No matter the circumstances of his actions it is all part of the scheme of things, which are regulated by certain rules. "Nothing to do with Darwin ..please".................please!!

-- Glenn (gj_usa1@yahoo.com), November 23, 2001.

Hey Paul,

Boy you're stirring the soup pot here! Darwin's theory on the Countryside Forum :>) The theory of survival of the fittest recognizes in nature that only the stongest in a species will survive and the rest will die off. There is truth to that in man as well as in animals. But can one fault an entire nation of tribes that they were caring and kind and were repaid by deceit? Nothing in nature prepared my ancestors for that. Don't think the theory fits here.

-- Cindy (colawson@mindspring.com), November 23, 2001.

I guess I fail to see the connection between the Native American Indians who first encountered the earliest European colonist and the rest on this extensive list.

I doubt Darwin's survival of the fittest concept has any real application to the conflicts between Native American Indians and primarily Europeans. It was more like survival of the cunning.

Indian warriors were great fighters. However, with some notable exceptions, they failed to think in terms of a war campaign. They went to battle, won or lost and then come back home. They didn't think in terms of the logistics needed for a sustained campaign. Living as they did, in camps with little food reserves, once they were forced out of them, it was hand-to-mouth existance.

There were much like Afghans today, in being tribal oriented. When they are not associated to meet a common enemy, they fight each other for territory or resources. Native American Indians were just as cruel and vicious with each other as the 'white man' to them. If I remember correctly, the Iraquoi (sp?) Nation consisted of seven tribes. One did something which was unforgivable and were whipped out to the last man, woman and child. That tribe ceased to exist. Is that different than white men giving tribes smallpox infested blankets?

For information on this period an excellent author is Allan W. Eckert. He has written numerous historical books, including Gateway to Empire, The Frontiersman, The Conquerors and Wilderness Empire. He takes historical documents and then weaves then into a continuing story line, with more than ample footnoting. And, yes, I admit, he probably has a ‘white man’ bias. The history of war is written by the winner.

Remember also, the Native American Indians weren't native to North America. While their origins are still being debated, colonization from Far Eastern Asia seems the most likely source. Some would say if the distance between Russia and Alaska had been wider, or the land bridge not formed during one of the Ice Ages, North America might have had almost no population. South America is debatable with possible colonization from the East, rather than the West.

-- Ken S. in WC TN (scharabo@aol.com), November 23, 2001.

Darwin's "survival of the fittest" is often misquoted as it has been on this thread. What he actually discussed was the "suvival of the fittest within a particular ecological niche" which is quite different than just survival of the fittest. Those of you who are familiar with the vast differences in ecosystems can appreciate the difference those few added words make.

-- debra in ks (windfish@toto.net), November 23, 2001.

Thank you for the invitation to feast, when the 'Rom/gypsy' speaks up again I may stop by! Hey now y'all I said the natives were not 'saints' just overall pretty helpful to homesteading greenhorns! I am not a person who belives in the fairy tale of "good old days". I belive that human nature has changed very little over the eons, we just smell a bit better these days. Did y'all see the reports of the neanderthal jawbone that was unearthed recently so diseased/damaged that its owner would have had pureed food to live? So there was at least one nice/alturistic person caring for the injured one & prob. one angry that damaged the jaw in the first place! Humans seem to be the same no matter the slope of the forehead. ;)

Sure some of the peoples were subsistenance /hand to mouth types, others had temples, laws, high rises [cliff rise? ],irrigation, medicine, & animal/plant breeding. Hmm, the dichotomy of the 'haves' & 'have nots' in washington ,dc come to mind.

I really don't think one should be depressed by thinking of indian nations, just impressed that so many survived/adapted to the changing face of the world! Aww come on Ken, 2,000 to 45,000 years of 'occupation' make them a 'native people' to me. Or do you prefer the we are all natives of Godwana/Gaia ?

It was not just the peoples living on the east coast that helped the new wave of immigration to the americas, there were thousands of west coat tribes that helped or fought [or both!] the fur trappers/loggers/settlers/missionaries/adventurers who landed on the pacific side. But what should one expect of a people who crossed ICE bridges or walked on new land to see what they could see? Not to mention the influences that those traveling norse-russian-steppe-english-etc. tribes had when they hunted,camped for the winter, or were shipwrecked in north america!

-- bj pepper in C. MS. (pepper.pepper@excite.com), November 23, 2001.

Pardon me but the Indians, after seeing more and more and more English Settlers using more of 'their' land, they started to get a little worried and they started to detach themselves from the Pilgrims and after the Indians burned an Englishwoman's hut with her and her young child in it, that's when the pilgrims attacked.

-- Chandler (Providencefarms2001@yahoo.com), November 23, 2001.

really amazing a complete list im lakota from pine ridge s.d. why is it wite folks always talk as if thier not guilty even today when so many sweeping changes are occuring ? just remember ,your gov. can move your home and family away and many other horrible items,and call it anything they want

-- michael Takes-the-guns (napeluta92@hotmail.com), November 24, 2001.

Lakota? Hope you have someone to learn the language from, or else all the Lakota 'injuns' on the old b&w lone ranger t.v. show might somday go untranslated. That would be a shame because I think only French comes close in matching the ability of the Lakota language to deliver insults so subtle/beautiful that the insulted don't even know they were hit!

Now Chandler, I said the people were not all saints. There are crazies/loonies/fringe/paranoid/violent/oucast/bored vicious teens in every society that I have heard of, you probably have one or more as your neighbor!

-- bj pepper in C. MS. (pepper.pepper@excite.com), November 24, 2001.

Have ypu ead Brendan's journey? or seen the video? He was here from Ireland in 400 A D (?) but I believe the GYPSIES were hwre waiting for him.

a d ad

-- Elizabeth Quintana (rockshelter@webtv.com), November 24, 2001.

Free Leonard Peltier and All political prisoners.

-- Connie M. Ammons (keeperoftheland@aol.com), November 24, 2001.

Aparantly there were 'secret' or family charts for Europeans cod fishing along americas' north east for some time before columbus found south america. Wouldn't be odd to me if a few Rom were on those ships!

-- bj pepper in C. MS. (pepper.pepper@excite.com), November 25, 2001.